Gamma-Linolenic Acid & suppressing the hormone receptors

kafir · Сообщение **kafir** » 31 авг 2006, 03:56

Есть где нибудь опубликованные исследования по воздействию пищевого льняного масла,
если его наносить наружно на кожу головы и при употребленни внутрь (по чайной ложке в день примерно)?

Это конечно омега-3, но кроме этого есть интересные опыты по совместному наружному нанесению на кожу с глюкозой и сопутствующим втирающим массажем, описываемые в принципе действия коммерческого продукта "DERCOS" одного французского производителя.
Возможно, есть и втирать льняное масло это более чем соблюдение здоровой диеты и знахарство?

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"список наиболее распространенных ингредиентов, которые закупоривают поры
-Льняное масло (Linseed oil)"
http://galka.ru/articles/86/0/232/care-skin-face.html
....

kafir · Сообщение **kafir** » 01 сен 2006, 12:32

Здравствуйте, а скажите еще ,пожалуйста, Какое из масел самое подходящее для профилактического приема(для поддержания здоровья кожи и всего организма в целом), мне говорили о льняном, как долго можно принимать льняное масло? И нет ли у него противопоказаний? И если можно подробней, какие еще масла кроме энотеры можно наносить на лицо.

Ученые советуют регулярно принимать масла, содержащие омега 6 кислоты (линолевую и гамма-линоленовую), и масла, содержащие омега 3 кислоты (линоленовую и ее производные). В качестве источника омега 6 обычно рекомендуют масла бурачника, энотеры, семян черной смородины (borage oil, evening primrose oil, black currant seed oil). Омега 3 кислоты содержатся в рыбьем жире и льняном масле. Считается, что больше всего организму не хватает именно омега3 кислот, тогда как дефицит омега 6 возникает только при метаболических нарушениях (в принципе, все жирные кислоты омега 6 серии организм может синтезировать из линолевой кислоты, которой много в обычном подсолнечном масле). В виде пищевых добавок легче всего достать масла бурачника и энотеры, хотя они довольно дорогие. Льняное масло достаточно дешевое, но многим не нравится его чуть горьковатый вкус (если льняное масло очень горчит, то пить его не следует, так как это означает, что в нем много перекисей липидов). Если масла бурачника и энотеры выпускают в виде капсул (поэтому их удобнее пить), то льняное масло бывает только в жидком виде (пробовали сделать в капсулах, но тогда дневная доза получалась до 6 капсул). Принимать льняное масло можно столько, сколько хватит терпения. Побочных эффектов у него нет. В сущности, вы всего лишь компенсируете недостатки современного питания, давая организму те вещества, которых мало в обычном рационе современного человека.
Дополнительным источником омега 3 кислот является рыба (лосось, треска, макрель).
На лицо очень полезно наносить масло авокадо. Оно быстро впитывается, хорошо распределяется по коже и имеет очень хороший состав, как жирных кислот, так и неомыляемых жиров.

http://selfcare.ru/qa/page22.htm

kafir · Сообщение **kafir** » 01 сен 2006, 12:48

...
Базовые масла чаще всего добываются методом холодного отжима. Их биохимические свойства близки к свойствам кожи, поэтому они могут проникать в ее глубокие слои и переносить туда целебные вещества. Масла основы питают и увлажняют кожу, разглаживают морщинки, препятствуют обезвоживанию, а также обладают противовоспалительным и регенерирующим свойствами. Эти масла содержат витамины, микроэлементы и жирные кислоты (насыщенные и ненасыщенные).
...
среди базовых масел есть те, которые считаются комедогенными – способными вызвать закупорку пор, тем самым способствуя появлению "черных точек" и воспалений. Так что их нужно применять только в смесях с другими маслами.
...
Базовые масла при нанесении на кожу глубоко проникают в поры и растворяют жир, после чего пыль и грязь, смешанная с кожным салом, легко смываются влажным ватным тампоном.
...
http://www.women.lt/showarticle.asp?Id=3011

kafir · Сообщение **kafir** » 12 сен 2006, 22:00

...
Gli acidi grassi polinsaturi come l'acido gamma linolenico sembrano regolare l'azione degli ormoni androgeni sui recettori delle cellule interessate. In particolare l'acido gamma linolenico pare essere un potente inibitore della 5-alfa-reduttasi.

http://www.anagen.net/agl.htm

kafir · Сообщение **kafir** » 12 сен 2006, 23:51

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/quer ... uery_hl=12

http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender. ... obtype=pdf

"The relative inhibitory potencies of unsaturated fatty acids are, in decreasing order: gamma-linolenic acid greater than cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid = cis-6,9,12,15-octatetraenoic acid = arachidonic acid = alpha-linolenic acid greater than linoleic acid greater than palmitoleic acid greater than oleic acid greater than myristoleic acid."

kafir · Сообщение **kafir** » 13 сен 2006, 00:14

....
Nello studio effettuato sulla boehmeria nipononivea per stabilire le capacità sulla ricrescita del pelo dei topi sono stati identificati e quantificati, nell'estratto in acetone della pianta, degli acidi grassi polinsaturi quali l'alfa-linolenico, linoleico, palmitico, elaidico, oleico e stearico che hanno azione inibitoria nei confronti dell'enzima 5-alfa-reduttasi. Il contenuto di questi acidi grassi nella boehmeria nipononivea è stato confrontato con altre specie di piante, ed appare essere uno dei più elevati con un valore attorno al 15% in peso nell'estratto in acetone.

Studi di competizione enzimatica in vitro sulla 5-alfa-reduttasi confermano come certi acidi polinsaturi (alfa, gamma-linolenico) siano in grado di inibire l'attività dell'enzima. L'estratto di boehmeria nipononivea ha una potente attività inibitoria sulla 5-alfa-reduttasi e promuove la ricrescita del pelo nei topi. Il blocco sull'enzima avviene per via non ormonale (come quello dalla finasteride), ma mediante la modificazione della matrice lipidica della membrana cellulare; in tal modo l'azione di inibizione dell'enzima non coinvolge un meccanismo competitivo verso il testosterone e si annulla il rischio di effetti collaterali.
L'attività sulla 5-alfa-reduttasi è da imputarsi alla presenza di 6 acidi grassi (alfa-linolenico, linoleico, palmitico e in minor quantità elaidico, oleico e stearico) mentre l'attività dell'estratto di boehmeria nipononivea sulla ricrescita del pelo è stata attribuita anche alla presenza di altri fitocostituenti non identificati.
Confermando studi precedenti, è stato verificato che nelle frazioni di estratto di boehmeria nipononivea l'acido alfa-linolenico, linoleico e oleico sono tra i più attivi nell'inibire la 5-alfa-reduttasi. Importante è notare che il modello animale usato per l'esperimento non ha una calvizie androgeno-dipendente ed è stata solo misurata la facilitazione alla ricrescita di pelo predecentemente rasato.
....
http://www.italway.it/associazioni/sitr ... nivea.html

kafir · Сообщение **kafir** » 13 сен 2006, 00:28

Growth suppression of hamster flank organs by topical application of gamma-linolenic and other fatty acid inhibitors of 5alpha-reductase.

AUTHOR Liang T; Liao S

ORGANISATION Ben May Institute for Cancer Research and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A.

SOURCE J Invest Dermatol 1997 Aug; 109 (2): 152-7

LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN English

ABSTRACT

Certain unsaturated aliphatic fatty acids, such as gamma-linolenic acid, inhibit 5alpha-reductase activity in vitro and in vivo. Hamster flank organ growth, as measured by the increase in the area of pigmented macule, is dependent on androgen. When one of the paired flank organs of a castrated hamster was treated topically with testosterone, the treated organ, but not the contralateral flank organ, became larger and darker. Topical application of gamma-linolenic acid to the testosterone-treated flank organ suppressed this testosterone effect. Other fatty acids that were not inhibitors of 5alpha-reductases were not active. Topical treatment of hamster flank organs with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone also stimulated the growth of the organ. This 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-dependent activity, however, was not significantly affected by gamma-linolenic acid, suggesting that flank organ growth was dependent on 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and that gamma-linolenic acid acted by inhibiting 5alpha-reductase. With intact male hamsters, the endogenous androgen-dependent growth of flank organs is also suppressed by topical treatment with gamma-linolenic acid. The effect of gamma-linolenic acid is localized at the site of its application; topical application of gamma-linolenic acid did not affect the androgen-dependent growth of other organs such as testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle, and prostate. gamma-Linolenic acid, with low toxicity and absence of systemic effect, therefore may be potentially useful for treatment of androgen-dependent skin disorders.

(AUTHOR) MJTR: gamma-Linolenic Acid PD. Enzyme Inhibitors PD. Growth DE. Mesocricetus AH. Oxidoreductases AI. MNTR: Administration, Topical. Animal. Hamsters. Male. Models, Biological. Orchiectomy. Pigmentation DE. Sebaceous Glands PH. Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.. JOURNAL ARTICLE RNUM: EC 1. (Oxidoreductases); EC 1.3.1.22 (cholestenone 5 alpha-reductase); 0 (Enzyme Inhibitors); 506-26-3 (gamma-Linolenic Acid) GEOT: UNITED STATES IDEN: ISSN: 0022-202X. JOURNAL-CODE: IHZ. ENTRY-DATE: 970820. NIH-GRANT-NUMBER: DK41670DKNIDDK. CA58073CANCI. JOURNAL-SUBSET: M X. IM-DATE: 9710. ACCE: 97385005

kafir · Сообщение **kafir** » 13 сен 2006, 00:37

Androgen action: molecular mechanism and medical application. 85 REFS

AUTHOR Liao S

ORGANISATION Ben May Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

SOURCE J Formos Med Assoc 1994 Sep; 93 (9): 741-51

LANGUAGE OF ORIGIN English

ABSTRACT

Androgen action in many organs, such as prostate and skin, is dependent on the conversion of testosterone by 5 alpha-reductase to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. 5 alpha-Dihydrotestosterone then binds to the androgen receptor to regulate specific gene expression. Inhibitors of 5 alpha-reductase are useful for the selective treatment of prostatic cancer, benign prostate hyperplasia, acne, baldness and female hirsutism, without affecting spermatogenesis, sexual behavior and smooth muscle growth, that do not require the conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Certain unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma-linolenic acid, are potent 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, suggesting a linkage between unsaturated fatty acids and androgen action. Mutations in androgen receptor genes are responsible for many cases of androgen-insensitivity. In some prostate cancer cells, some antiandrogens may act like androgens in stimulating the proliferation of the cancer cells because these antiandrogens can bind to a mutated androgen receptor and transactivate target genes. Prostate cancers are usually androgen-dependent initially but can lose dependency and responsiveness. Tumor cells which are resistant to endocrine therapy ultimately proliferate. Androgen-independent or androgen-repressive cells can arise from androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells by changes in specific gene expression over time in a clonal isolate. This change in androgen responsiveness was accompanied by a change in androgen receptor expression and transcriptional activity as well as expression of some oncogenes.

(AUTHOR) MJTR: Androgens PH. MNTR: Androgen Antagonists ME. Androgens CH. Androgens GE. Androgens ME. Base Sequence. Human. Male. Molecular Sequence Data. Prostatic Neoplasms GE. Prostatic Neoplasms ME. Prostatic Neoplasms TH. Receptors, Androgen CH. Receptors, Androgen GE. Receptors, Androgen PH. Skin Diseases GE. Skin Diseases ME. Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.. Testosterone 5-alpha-Reductase AI. Testosterone 5-alpha-Reductase GE. Testosterone 5-alpha-Reductase ME. Testosterone 5-alpha-Reductase PH. JOURNAL ARTICLE. REVIEW. REVIEW LITERATURE RNUM: EC 1.3.99.5 (Testosterone 5-alpha-Reductase); 0 (Androgen Antagonists); 0 (Androgens); 0 (Receptors, Androgen) GEOT: TAIWAN IDEN: ISSN: 0929-6646. JOURNAL-CODE: BLQ. ENTRY-DATE: 950606. NIH-GRANT-NUMBER: DK 37694DKNIDDK. DK41670DKNIDDK. CA 59073CANCI. IM-DATE: 9508.

kafir · Сообщение **kafir** » 13 сен 2006, 00:41

Title

Inhibition of steroid 5 alpha-reductase by specific aliphatic unsaturated fatty acids.

Author Liang T; Liao S

Address Ben May Institute, University of Chicago, IL 60637.

Source Biochem J, 1992 Jul 15, 285 ( Pt 2):, 557-62

Abstract

Human or rat microsomal 5 alpha-reductase activity, as measured by enzymic conversion of testosterone into 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone or by binding of a competitive inhibitor, [3H]17 beta-NN-diethulcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androstan-3-one ([3H]4-MA) to the reductase, is inhibited by low concentrations (less than 10 microM) of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relative inhibitory potencies of unsaturated fatty acids are, in decreasing order: gamma-linolenic acid greater than cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid = cis-6,9,12,15-octatetraenoic acid = arachidonic acid = alpha-linolenic acid greater than linoleic acid greater than palmitoleic acid greater than oleic acid greater than myristoleic acid. Other unsaturated fatty acids such as undecylenic acid, erucic acid and nervonic acid, are inactive. The methyl esters and alcohol analogues of these compounds, glycerols, phospholipids, saturated fatty acids, retinoids and carotenes were inactive even at 0.2 mM. The results of the binding assay and the enzymic assay correlated well except for elaidic acid and linolelaidic acid, the trans isomers of oleic acid and linoleic acid respectively, which were much less active than their cis isomers in the binding assay but were as potent in the enzymic assay. gamma-Linolenic acid had no effect on the activities of two other rat liver microsomal enzymes: NADH:menadione reductase and glucuronosyl transferase. Gamma-Linolenic acid, the most potent inhibitor tested, decreased the Vmax. and increased Km values of substrates,NADPH and testosterone, and promoted dissociation of [3H]4-MA from the microsomal reductase. gamma-Linolenic acid, but not the corresponding saturated fatty acid (stearic acid), inhibited the 5 alpha-reductase activity, but not the 17 beta-dehydrogenase activity, of human prostate cancer cells in culture. These results suggest that unsaturated fatty acids may play an important role in regulating androgen action in target cells.

Language of Publication

LA=ENG Unique Identifier 92344638

kafir · Сообщение **kafir** » 13 сен 2006, 00:42

STUDY B: Androgen action: molecular mechanism and medical application.

AUTHOR
Liao S

JOURNAL
Journal of Formos Medical Association: 1994 Sep; 93 (9): 741-51

ABSTRACT
Androgen action in many organs, such as prostate and skin, is dependent on the conversion of testosterone by 5 alpha-reductase to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. 5 alpha-Dihydrotestosterone then binds to the androgen receptor to regulate specific gene expression. Inhibitors of 5 alpha-reductase are useful for the selective treatment of prostatic cancer, benign prostate hyperplasia, acne, baldness and female hirsuitism, without affecting spermatogenesis, sexual behavior and smooth muscle growth, that do not require the conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Certain unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma-linolenic acid, are potent 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, suggesting a linkage between unsaturated fatty acids and androgen action. Mutations in androgen receptor genes are responsible for many cases of androgen-insensitivity. In some prostate cancer cells, some antiandrogens may act like androgens in stimulating the proliferation of the cancer cells because these antiandrogens can bind to a mutated androgen receptor and transactivate target genes. Prostate cancers are usually androgen-dependent initially but can lose dependency and responsiveness. Tumor cells which are resistant to endocrine therapy ultimately proliferate. Androgen-independent or androgen-repressive cells can arise from androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells by changes in specific gene expression over time in a clonal isolate. This change in androgen responsiveness was accompanied by a change in androgen receptor expression and transcriptional activity as well as expression of some oncogenes.

kafir · Сообщение **kafir** » 13 сен 2006, 01:00

Gamma-Linolenic Acid

By Mary G. Enig, PhD

The human body uses fatty acids from food for building tissues and for specialized functions such as the production of prostaglandins, localized tissue hormones. One major group of fatty acids is called essential fatty acids, which are polyunsaturated, and include two major groups, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. They are called "essential" because the body cannot make them but must get them from food.

The terms omega-3 and omega-6 actually designate two families of fatty acids; the former has the first double bond on the third carbon from the end of the fatty acid chain and the latter has the first double bond on the sixth carbon from the end of the fatty acid chain. The first fatty acid in the omega-6 family is called linoleic acid. It contains 18 carbons and has 2 double bonds.

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is the second fatty acid in the omega-6 family. It has 18 carbons and three double bonds (with the first double bond positioned six carbons from the end). The third fatty acid in the omega-6 family is dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) with 20 carbons and three double bonds. Next comes arachidonic acid (AA) with 20 carbons and 4 double bonds. The Series 1 prostaglandins are made out of DGLA and the Series 2 prostaglandins are made out of AA. Thus, GLA is an important transition product for the production of these prostaglandins.

GLA is found in small amounts in organ meats and in certain seed oils such as evening primrose oil, borage oil, and black currant oil. Hemp oil also contains GLA but this oil has no history of consumption by humans. The percentages of GLA in these specialty oils are as follows:

Evening Primrose Oil 10%
Black Currant Oil 17%
Borage Oil 23%

These three oils are available in capsule form. The body needs an enzyme called delta-6 desaturase (D6D) to transform linoleic acid into GLA. Under normal conditions, most people make adequate amounts of D6D and hence the by-product GLA; however, a number of disease and deficiency conditions as well as components of the modern diet can interfere with the conversion of linoleic acid to GLA. Diabetics, for example, do not normally make adequate amounts of D6D and hence of GLA, nor do people with poor pituitary or thyroid function. Both malnutrition and overeating can interfere with D6D and inhibit the production of GLA. Trans fatty acids definitely inhibit the production of GLA as does overconsumption of sugar and alcohol. Deficiencies of protein, zinc, biotin and vitamins B6, B12 and E can all inhibit D6D function and hence the production of GLA. In addition, some individuals are not genetically programed to produce D6D at all, mainly those whose ancestors had lots of preformed D6D metabolites from organ meats and fish in their diets. Researchers have called such individuals "obligate carnivores." They are especially prone to diseases like diabetes and alcoholism if they do not eat enough fish and organ meat.

Some of the disease conditions that result from defective D6D function include premature aging, irritable bowel syndrome, cirrhosis of the liver, skin conditions like eczema, menstrual problem such as PMS, noncancerous breast disease, Sjogren’s syndrome, alcoholism, diabetes and cancer. Thus, investigators have hypothesized that GLA can be an important component of treatment for these conditions.

An excellent review of the beneficial effects of GLA was published in the Journal of Nutrition, 1998 (Vol 128 No 9, 1411-1414). Several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of GLA on rheumatoid arthritis. Said the authors: "The use of GLA as a benign, adjunctive therapy is relevant because rheumatoid arthritis patients are at high risk for developing complications from traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and corticosteroid medications."

Other studies have shown that GLA has a favorable effect on cardiovascular risk factors, notably a reduction in the size of plaque in vessel walls.

The review article also notes that GLA is unique among the omega-6 family in its "potential to suppress tumor growth and metastasis." Other studies report very favorable results in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy with GLA.

Several studies involving rats have indicated that GLA can have a favorable effect on blood pressure and one human study, carried out in France ,found the GLA not only lowered blood pressure but had a favorable effect on other cardiovascular risk factors (Bratisl Led Listy 2002;103(3):101-7).

Studies that looked at the effect of GLA on skin conditions have been mixed, some showing no effect but others resulting in the alleviation of symptoms of dermatitis, especially in young children.

Finally, GLA has been shown to encourage weight loss in individuals who are considerably overweight, making it a good aid for dieting (Horrobin DF, ed. Clinical Uses of Essential Fatty Acids. Montreal: Eden Press, pp 53-61, 1982).
http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfat ... lenic.html